All Poems

I think the longest Hour of all
Is when the Cars have come —
And we are waiting for the Coach —
It seems as though the Time

Indignant — that the Joy was come —
Did block the Gilded Hands —
And would not let the Seconds by —
But slowest instant — ends —

The Pendulum begins to count —
Like little Scholars — loud —
The steps grow thicker — in the Hall —
The Heart begins to crowd —

Then I — my timid service done —
Tho’ service ’twas, of Love —
Take up my little Violin —
And further North — remove –

 

ED used the word:

“North” in 14 Poems,
“East” in 30 poems,
“South” in 16 poems,
“West” in 27 poems,

and sometimes she used two or more of these in one poem.

 

During 1850-1853, ED’s father led a small group of investors who built the Amherst and Belchertown Railroad, connecting Amherst with the American rail system. No doubt he was the one who encouraged locating the passenger station on Main Street, 200 yards east of Homestead. Perhaps Time did “block the Gilded Hands” of the clock, but not for very long. With no luggage, visitors could easily walk to Homestead in 10 minutes.

Despite ED’s impatience with Time, when she heard steps “in the Hall” she “timidly” bid hello, felt crowded in her “Heart”, and vanished to her room to play her “little violin”, that is, to compose poetry. ED often referred to composing poems as “singing”, but she used the “violin” metaphor twice, here in F607 and 20 years later in F1627 (1883), ‘The Spirit lasts — but in what mode’.

From Cocoon forth a Butterfly
As Lady from her Door
Emerged — a Summer Afternoon —
Repairing Everywhere —

Without Design — that I could trace
Except to stray abroad
On miscellaneous Enterprise
The Clovers — understood —

Her pretty Parasol be seen
Contracting in a Field
Where Men made Hay —
Then struggling hard
With an opposing Cloud —

Where Parties — Phantom as Herself —
To Nowhere — seemed to go
In purposeless Circumference —
As ’twere a Tropic Show —

And notwithstanding Bee — that worked —
And Flower — that zealous blew —
This Audience of Idleness
Disdained them, from the Sky —

Till Sundown crept — a steady Tide —
And Men that made the Hay —
And Afternoon — and Butterfly —
Extinguished — in the Sea —

 

F609 and F610 feel related, both about passing days, both in languid language, and actors in both, grains of sand and butterflies, vanish in time’s sea. Perhaps that’s why Franklin numbered them consecutively.

However, he dated them “summer 1863” and “last half 1863”, and ED put them in Fascicle 26 (Poem 21) and Fascicle 29 (Poem 1), respectively. Also, F609 is a love poem of patient waiting for reunion in heaven, while F610 segues from a summer day (Stanzas 1-4) to meaningless merging with the sea (Stanzas 5-6).

F609-F610 inference? Make hay while the sun shines for tomorrow the bell tolls for thee?

A Night — there lay the Days between —
The Day that was Before —
And Day that was Behind — were One —
And now — ’twas Night — was here —

Slow — Night — that must be watched away —
As Grains upon a shore —
Too imperceptible to note —
Till it be night — no more —

 

An interpretation of F609:

For ED, the first “Day” of this poem began in March 1855, when she heard Wadsworth preach in Philadelphia. That day ended for her on May 1, 1862 when Wadsworth “abandoned” her by sailing from New York, bound for San Francisco. She thought he had left her for the rest of her life. She hoped the “Night” between his “abandonment” and her death would end their separation and that Wadsworth would meet and marry her in Heaven, as he promised. The second “Day” of the poem presumably would begin when she died (May 15, 1886) and last for eternity.

When ED composed this poem in 1863, the looming real days between May 1, 1862 and her death (8780 days) would feel like “Grains [of sand] upon a shore”, too numerous to count. But then, like Dante, she would emerge from her dark “Night” of abandonment into the bright “Day” of Heaven.

Of course, Dante and Virgil emerged from Hell at night and “looked up at the stars”. ED would emerge from her long “Night” of abandonment into Heaven’s eternal “Day”. Also, when she wrote this poem in 1863, she did not know when Wadsworth or she would die, but he had promised to meet and marry her on the day the last one died.

In her vivid imagination, the two “Days” in the poem merged to become “One” (Line 3).

So glad we are — a stranger’d deem
‘Twas sorry – that we were —
For where the Holiday – should be –
There publishes – a Tear —

Nor how Ourselves be justified —
Since Grief and Joy are done
So similar — An Optizan
Could not decide between —

Neither ED’s Webster nor OED recognize “optizan” as a word. OED recognizes “shazam” (1940, A ‘magic’ word used like ‘abracadabra’ or ‘presto’ to introduce an extraordinary deed or story), so why not “optizam”? Google defines “optizam” with a verbatim quote of BYU’s ED Lexicon, but ED Lex disclaims any responsibility for its definition:

Optizan, n. [etymology unknown; definition not attested.] (figurative): “seer; visionary; scientist; wise man; person of discernment”

The word works wonderfully, don’t you think? An ED original or slang she picked up from her lawyer brother or father? Nowadays, “optizan” is a lost pearl in the trash heap of English woulda, coulda, shouldabeens.

 

An interpretation of F608:

So glad I am, a stranger would deem, from my outer demeaner, but in my heart I cried because it’s Holiday, and the one I love is not here.

No one can see my real feelings, since tears of grief and tears of joy cannot be distinguished. Even Solomon cannot tell the difference.

606.1863.Except the smaller size

Except the smaller size
No lives are round —
These — hurry to a sphere
And show and end —
The larger — slower grow
And later hang —
The Summers of Hesperides
Are long.

Our neighbor has an incredibly productive yellow-apple tree that holds its apples until first frost. She lets us pick and we’ve noticed that apples on inner branches are smaller than those farther out. These small apples stay roundish and lack rich sweetness of larger, outer-hanging, late-season apples. ED would probably know this from her family’s orchard.

Perhaps Lines 7-8, “The Summers of Hesperides / are long”, acknowledge that exceptional poems bake longer in ED’s white-hot subconscious.

 

There are three variants of F606, dating from about 1863 and 1866.

Variant A (summer 1863, Fascicle 26, Alternate words in parentheses):

Except the smaller size –
No Lives – are Round –
These hurry to a Sphere –
And show and end –

The Larger – slower grow –
And later – hang –
The Summers of (in) Hesperides
Are long-

Hugest (The Huge) of Core
Present the awkward Rind –
Yield Groups of Ones –
No Cluster – ye (you) shall find –

But far after Frost –
And Indian Summer Noon – (Sun –)
Ships – offer These –
As West – Indian –

Variant B (The first two stanzas of Variant A, signed “Emily,” were sent to Susan Dickinson about the second half of 1863.

Variant C (A later fair copy, substantively identical to Variant B, though without stanza division, was incorporated in 1866 into a letter to T. W. Higginson postmarked 17 March 1886 (L484):

“If I still entreat you to teach me, Are you much displeased? I will be patient – constant, never reject your knife and should my slowness goad you, you knew before myself that”:

Except the smaller size
No lives are round –
These – hurry to a sphere
And show and end –
The larger – slower grow
And later hang –
The Summers of Hesperides
Are long.

ED incorporated this one-stanza octave, Variant C, into Letter 484 to T. W. Higginson, postmarked 17 March 1886.

 

An interpretation of F606:

Except for ordinary poets, no poets’ lives are smooth (L1-2).
Ordinary poets quickly become predictable and showy and temporary (L3-4).
Great poets grow slower and deeper, and their poems become immortal (L5-6).
Their fame is eternal (L7-8).

ED’s alternative words in parentheses. I prefer “Spiceless Sepulchre” in Line 8 because it more directly implies death/tomb than “Ceaseless Rosemary”:

Essential Oils – are wrung –
The Attar from the Rose
Be (Is) not expressed by Suns – alone –
It is the gift of Screws –

The General Rose – decay –
But (While) this – in Lady’s Drawer Make Summer –
When the Lady lie
In Ceaseless Rosemary (Spiceless Sepulchre) –

A two-sentence prose interpretation:

Great poems, like attar from the rose, are not composed by inspiration alone; they are the gift of pain and toil.

Ordinary poems die young, but great poems shed warm light when their poet lies in eternal sleep.

 

‘Essential Oils’ is probably about ED’s favorite poet, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who died in 1861, two years before ED copies this poem into Fascicle 34.

ED’s alternative words in parentheses; my emendations in brackets

We miss Her, not because We see—
The Absence of an Eye—
Except it’s Mind accompany [is also absent and]
Abridge (Deprive) Society[.]

As slightly (scarcely) as the Routes (Flights) of Stars—
[Deprive] Ourselves—asleep below [of sleep, yet]
We know that their superior Eyes
Include Us —as they go—[.]

 

Initially, I thought the first and second stanza were enjambed, creating a logical fallacy, but a period at the end of Stanza 1 solved the problem. If Stanza 1 is a complete thought, then Stanza 2 also becomes a complete thought and ends with a period. With ED’s alternate words in parentheses and my emendations, each stanza becomes a prose sentence:

“We miss Her, not because We see— / The Absence of an Eye— / [Unless] its Mind [is also absent, and] / (Deprive)[s] Society[.]

“As slightly as the (Flights) of Stars— / [Deprive] Ourselves—[of sleep] below—[,] / [Yet] We know that their superior Eyes / Include Us — as they go—[.]”

…………………………………………

When ED says she misses some influential person who looks down on us from the stars, my immediate hypothesis is Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-June 1861), whose 11,000-line poem/novel, ‘Aurora Leigh’, called for recognition of female poets and captured ED’s subconscious “white hot” poem forge. ED “owned two copies of ‘Aurora Leigh’ [1856], and one contains passages she marked in pencil, indicating careful reading and engagement with the text” (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian Web).

We know that EBB’s death was heavy on ED’s mind in late October, 1861, when she wrote her cousin, Louisa Norcross (JL311):

“Mrs Browning  . . . and George Sand (1804-1876), women, now, queens, now! And one in the Eden of God. I guess . . . little stars . . . twinkling at last. Take heart, little sister, twilight is but the short bridge, and the moon stands at the end. If we can only get to her! Yet, if she sees us fainting she will put out her yellow hands.”

……………………………

ED’s two manuscripts of Fr771, Variants A and B, use “ït’s” as possessive, which is incorrect by modern standards. A quick check of 20 poems, F771-F790, turned up two more examples of this “error” in ED’s handwriting. Google AI has this to say:

“The possessive form “its” without an apostrophe became the accepted possessive form in the 18th century, replacing the earlier usage of “it’s” with an apostrophe. Originally, “it’s” was used for both the possessive and the contraction.” Much of ED’s reading was pre-1800 books, and the same was true of ED’s contemporary, Herman Melville, who frequently used “it’s” as both possessive and a contraction.